The most basic and versatile concessive-hypothetical pattern in Japanese. Covers both factual ('even though X is actually true') and hypothetical ('even if X were true') contexts depending on the situation. The も in ても/でも is the inclusive particle, giving the sense 'including the case of X.' Can be used with imperatives, requests, and volitional forms in the main clause — unlike many other concessive patterns (のに, ものの). Often used in practical problem-solving contexts: どうすればいい？(What should I do?) — 〜てもいい？(Is it okay if ~?). Forms many common expressions: 〜てもかまわない, 〜なくてもいい, 〜ても仕方がない.

Combines a conditional form (ば/たら/と) with のに to express regret about a counterfactual situation — 'if only X had been the case, Y would have followed (but the opposite happened).' The most common form is 〜ばよかったのに ('if only I had done X'). All three conditional forms work, but 〜ば…のに is the most common for regret, 〜たら…のに for past hypotheticals, and 〜と…のに for natural-consequence counterfactuals. The main clause before のに describes the desirable outcome that didn't materialize. The overall meaning is always one of regret, frustration, or reproach.

Uses たとえ (or たとい, the older variant) as an adverbial emphasizer before 〜ても to strengthen the hypothetical nature of the concession. The speaker is setting up an extreme hypothetical case and asserting that the conclusion holds even under that extreme. The main clause often contains words like 〜たい (want), 〜つもりだ (intend), 〜だろう (probably), or 〜はずだ (should be). Almost exclusively used for hypothetical (not factual) situations. Dramatically stronger than plain 〜ても, signaling that the speaker is fully aware of how extreme the hypothetical is. Often used in motivational or determined statements of resolve.

Concedes a proposition as a hypothetical premise ('let's assume A for the sake of argument'), then asserts that the conclusion still holds. More analytical and reasoned than 〜ても — implies that the speaker has consciously considered the scenario and found it doesn't change the bottom line. Often used in logical reasoning, debate, and planning contexts. Can follow a full clause (plain form + としても) or a noun. Distinct from the volitional 〜ようとしても ('even if one tries to') and the quotative 〜としても ('even if one says that'). The core sense is 'even on the assumption that.'

The hypothetical concessive use: concedes a hypothetical premise or extreme case for the sake of argument, then makes a point that holds regardless. Differs from the listing use (にしても〜にしても = 'whether A or B') in that only one clause is presented before the main assertion. The three forms are interchangeable in concessive use, differing only in formality (にしても < にしろ < にせよ). Often pairs with どんなに, どれだけ, or いかに for emphasis. The main clause may express an obligation (べきだ, なければならない), a rhetorical question, or an unshakeable principle.

Expresses that even if the action in the first clause were performed, the outcome would remain the same (usually negative or futile). The main clause is always negative, dismissive, or expresses the inconsequential nature of the action. The past tense 〜た before ところで marks the action as hypothetical-completive — 'even having done X.' Often paired with expressions like 無駄だ (it's futile), 仕方がない (nothing can be done), 無意味だ (meaningless), or rhetorical questions implying futility. Stronger and more pessimistic in tone than 〜ても. Often used to dismiss proposed actions as pointless. The ところで here is unrelated to the temporal ところ (just when/about to).

A formal, literary concessive that presents a noun as an extreme or hypothetical case and asserts that the main clause holds true regardless. であれ is the concise classical imperative form of である used concessively ('be it X...'). であろうと uses the volitional form for a similar sense ('let it be X...'). Both are stronger and more formal than 〜でも. Typically used with nouns representing extreme cases, roles, or categories — often followed by universal statements about rights, duties, or natural laws. Frequently pairs with どんな, いかなる, or たとえ. Not for everyday conversation — appropriate for formal written argument, speeches, and literature.

Uses the volitional form (意向形) of verbs and adjectives to present a hypothetical scenario in a strongly concessive structure. The volitional form here does not express intention — it marks the scenario as purely hypothetical ('let it be that X happens'). ようが and ようと are nearly identical; ようとも adds extra emphasis. Can also use the classical 〜うが form for godan verbs (行こうが). The main clause expresses an unwavering stance, resolution, or universal fact. Frequently reinforced with どんなに, 何を, 誰が, or other question words. Formal and often emphatic — used in determined declarations and principled arguments.

A paired concessive pattern that exhaustively covers both possibilities — the action happening and the action not happening — and asserts the same outcome regardless. まい is a classical negative volitional auxiliary ('will not / shall not') that pairs with the affirmative volitional よう/う. The pattern creates a universally quantified concessive: 'whether X happens or not, Y.' まい attaches to the dictionary form of verbs (for godan: 行くまい; for ichidan, either stem+まい or dictionary+まい: 食べまい/食べるまい). For する, すまい is also possible. The main clause states an unalterable fact, resolution, or principle. Strongly formal and literary — not used in conversation.