文法の庭

A study garden for Japanese grammar patterns

感情・態度の表現

Emotion & Attitude



思考・主張の表現

Expression of Thought & Assertion



〜ましょう

N5

Let's ~ (polite volitional / invitation)

〜ませんか

N5

Won't you ~?; Shall we ~? (polite invitation)

〜てはいけません

N5

Must not ~; may not ~ (prohibition)

〜なければなりません

N5

Must ~; have to ~ (obligation / necessity)

〜なくてもいいです

N5

Don't have to ~; it's not necessary to ~ (lack of obligation)

〜てください

N4

Please ~ (polite request)

〜ないでください

N4

Please don't ~ (polite negative request)

〜なさい

N4

Do ~ (firm command, often parent to child or teacher to student)

〜たほうがいい

N4

Had better ~; should ~ (strong advice / recommendation)

〜たらどうですか

N4

How about ~?; Why don't you ~? (gentle suggestion)

〜てもいいです

N4

May ~; it's okay to ~ (permission)

〜ようにする

N4

Make sure to ~; try to ~; make an effort to ~ (conscious habit formation)

〜こと

N3

Must ~; do ~ / don't ~ (written rule or instruction)

〜ことはない

N3

There's no need to ~; you don't have to ~; it's not that ~ (emphatic non-necessity)

〜べきだ・〜べきではない

N3

Should; ought to (moral/social obligation based on speaker's judgment)

〜ものだ・〜ものではない

N3

Should; ought to / should not; ought not to (general moral norm or social common sense)

〜しかない

N3

Have no choice but to ~; can only ~; there's nothing to do but ~

〜ないわけにはいかない

N3

Cannot afford not to ~; it would be unacceptable not to ~ (double-negative obligation from social expectation)

〜ざるを得ない

N3

Cannot but ~; have no choice but to ~; compelled to ~ (reluctant but unavoidable action)

〜ようではないか

N2

Shall we not ~?; Let us ~! (formal, rhetorical call to action)

〜ことだ

N2

Should ~; it's important to ~ (personal advice framed as universal wisdom)

〜に限る

N2

Nothing beats ~; ~ is the best; best to ~ (strong subjective recommendation)

〜まい

N2

Will not ~; shall not ~; probably not ~ (negative volition or negative conjecture)

〜べからざる

N1

Must not ~; should not ~; that cannot be ~ed (attributive prohibition, formal/literary)

〜ないではおかしい・〜ずにはおかしい

N1

It would be strange not to ~; it is only natural that ~; one naturally ought to ~

〜ずにはすまない・〜ないではすまない

N1

Cannot avoid ~ing; must ~; won't get away without ~ing (social/moral compulsion)

〜を余儀なくされる

N1

Be forced to ~; be compelled to ~ (by external circumstances beyond one's control)

章 / Sections   02範囲 / Patterns   61水準 / Levels   N5 — N1