| 〜たことがあります | Past experience — V-た form + ことがあります. 'I have (done) ~.' |
| 〜ることがあります・〜ないことがあります | Occasional occurrence — V-dictionary form (affirmative) or V-ない (negative). 'Sometimes / there are times when ~.' |
| 〜てみます | Tentative trial — V-て + みる. 'Try doing and see.' Different from 〜ようとする (attempt). |
| 〜ています | Progressive (action in progress), resultant state (with intransitive verbs), or habitual. Use 〜てある for intentional transitive resultant states. |
| 〜てあります | Intentional resultant state — someone did X on purpose and the result remains. Only with transitive verbs, subject marked by が. |
| 〜そうです(様態) | Direct visual impression — 'Looks like ~' from what you see now. Do NOT confuse with hearsay 〜そうだ (plain form + そうだ). |
| N₁はN₂が | Topic-comment structure — N₁は (domain / topic) + N₂が (attribute within that domain) + predicate. |
| Nがします | Sensory perception — N (sound, smell, taste, feeling) + がします. 'I hear/smell/taste/feel a ~.' |
| Nをしています | Describing appearance — N (shape, color, face, etc.) + をしています. 'Has ~ (appearance/feature).' |
| Nらしいです | Truly N-like — embodies the ideal traits of N. Usually positive. Contrast with 〜っぽい (often negative/neutral). |
| 〜がち | Observed recurring tendency — negative pattern over time. Stronger than 気味, more about frequency than っぽい. |
| 〜だらけ | Full of / covered in — broadest of the coverage trio. Always negative. Works physically and metaphorically. |
| 〜っぽい | -ish / tending to — inherent quality or impression. Colloquial, functions as i-adjective. |
| 〜気味 | Slight tendency / a touch of — milder and often more temporary than がち. 'A bit ~.' |
| 〜きらいがある | Formal criticism of a negative tendency. Stronger and more judgmental than がち. Not for self-description. |
| 〜まみれ | Covered in messy substance (mud, sweat, blood, dust, oil) — physical surfaces only, always negative. |
| 〜ずくめ | Entirely / completely / nothing but — can be positive (いいことずくめ) or neutral (黒ずくめ). |
| 〜かのように・〜かのような・〜かのようだ | As if (counterfactual) — the situation is NOT the case. Often with まるで. More literary than plain 〜ように. |
| 〜ようにして | As if to ~ — describes the physical manner/gesture of an action. Often visual, less formal than 〜かのように. |
| 〜げ | -looking / with an air of — literary suffix for outward demeanor. Works with emotions: 寂しげ, 得意げ, 自信ありげ. |
| 〜ともなく・〜ともなしに | Without really intending to — idly doing something. Verb often repeated (見るともなく見る). Observational tone. |
| 〜ながら(に)・〜ながらの | While in the state of — literary, often set phrases (生まれながら, 昔ながら). Different from N4 simultaneous-action ながら. |
| 〜んばかりに・〜んばかりの・〜んばかりだ | On the verge of / as if about to — strong, imminent appearance. More emphatic than 〜そうだ. Classical origin. |