Also appears inHearsay & Conjecture·Standard & Basis

Expresses a judgment about resemblance based on appearance, impression, or indirect evidence. The speaker compares something to a noun using perceived similarity. Often paired with まるで ('just like'). More formal/written than N + みたいです, which is the colloquial equivalent. Sentence-final form; for attributive use see N₁のようなN.

Also appears inHearsay & Conjecture·Standard & Basis

Two closely related uses: (1) のような attaches to a noun to modify another noun (attributive), expressing 'N₂ that is like N₁'. (2) ように modifies a verb or adjective (adverbial), expressing 'in the manner of N'. The difference is purely grammatical position — ような for nouns, ように for verbs/adjectives. Distinct from Nのようです which is sentence-final.

Two core functions extending beyond noun-based comparison: (1) PURPOSE: 'do X so that Y happens'. The verb before ように is usually non-volitional (できる, わかる, 治る, 見える) or describes a state the speaker cannot fully control. Contrast with ために: ために takes volitional verbs and expresses a more direct goal; ように focuses on achieving a state. (2) COMPARISON: modifies a noun to describe its type or resemblance, extending のような beyond simple nouns to verbs and clauses.

Expresses that something happens or is done exactly as described, instructed, expected, or seen. とおりに is adverbial (modifies verbs), とおりの is attributive (modifies nouns), and とおりだ is sentence-final. After nouns, use N-のとおり. After verbs, both V-辞書形 and V-た are used; V-た is more common for completed/reported actions. The voiced variant どおり appears in compounds like 予想どおり (as expected) and 噂どおり (as rumored).

A versatile pattern family for expressing that one thing is made, treated, designated, or used as another. Four core variants: (1) 〜を〜にする: actively change/transform A into B. (2) 〜を〜とする: regard/designate A as B (formal, often for positions, rules, definitions). (3) 〜を〜として: 'as B' — the role or capacity in which A functions. (4) 〜を〜に（して）: 'using A as B' — concrete, instrumental nuance, often with きっかけに (as an opportunity). The past/attributive forms にした and とした modify nouns.

Expresses that something is created, produced, or decided using N as the source material, foundation, or reference. The noun typically represents raw material, data, a story, or a concept serving as the starting point for creation. をもとにした is the attributive form. Compared to に基づいて: をもとに is more about using something as raw material for production/creation, while に基づいて is about being grounded in objective facts, rules, or data for judgment/decision-making.

Two distinct uses: (1) PHYSICAL: moving or situated along a line, road, river, etc. (2) ABSTRACT: acting in accordance with a plan, policy, guideline, expectation, or request. The abstract use overlaps with に基づいて but に沿って emphasizes conforming to the flow or direction of something, while に基づいて emphasizes being grounded in a foundation. に沿った is the attributive form. Also overlaps with 〜のとおりに, but に沿って is about alignment with a direction/policy, not exact replication.

Expresses that an action, judgment, or decision is grounded in objective foundations — rules, laws, data, facts, experience. Formal register, very common in news, business, and academic writing. に基づく directly modifies nouns (more formal/concise attributive), while に基づいた is the standard attributive. The N must be something that can serve as a legitimate basis. Contrast with をもとに: に基づいて implies objective grounding, while をもとに implies raw material for creation. Contrast with に沿って: に基づいて is about foundation, に沿って is about alignment.

Expresses that an action or state occurs under the influence, supervision, guidance, or conditions indicated by N. のもとで uses で (indicating the circumstance of an action), while のもとに uses に (indicating the circumstance of a state or existence). Common N include 指導 (guidance), 管理 (management), 支配 (rule/control), 条件 (conditions), and 名目 (name/pretext). The nuance is of a framework or umbrella under which things happen.

Expresses strict, faithful conformity — acting or judging exactly according to a standard, rule, or actual situation, with zero deviation. Stronger than に沿って: it carries a nuance of precision and undeviating adherence. Frequently used with 実情 (actual circumstances), 現実 (reality), 規則 (regulations), 法律 (law). N1 level. The core difference from に基づいて: に即して = conforming closely to a standard you must not deviate from; に基づいて = grounded in a foundation that serves as your reference.

Expresses that a judgment, decision, or action is made after carefully considering and incorporating certain facts, circumstances, or opinions. The literal meaning of 踏まえる is 'to step on firmly,' metaphorically extended to 'having something as a firm foundation after thorough consideration.' More deliberative than に基づいて — implies a process of holistic consideration and integration rather than direct derivation. Often used with nouns like 反省 (reflection), 意見 (opinion), 議論 (discussion), 現状 (current situation), 結果 (results).