Lists two or more representative actions from a larger set of unstated activities. The する at the end carries tense, negation, and politeness (した, しない, しましょう). For a single-action example, use one 〜たり followed by する (e.g., 日曜日は本を読んだりします). Not to be confused with the conditional/parallel 〜たり, which has different grammar (V-た + り + する without listing multiple actions).

A casual, colloquial way to present representative examples from a broader set. Unlike 〜や〜など, it can list verbs (using dictionary form). Often used when giving suggestions or recounting what someone said. The final とか can be followed by 言っていました (reporting speech) or simply dropped. More informal than 〜たり〜たりする, which has a more structured action-listing function. Not used in formal written Japanese where 〜など or 〜や〜など are preferred.

A formal, written pattern that introduces representative examples before naming the broader category they belong to. Always modifies a following noun that expresses the category. Often appears as 〜といったN (such N as ~). More formal than 〜などの or 〜とか. Common in academic writing, news articles, and formal explanations. Can list multiple nouns before といった, separated by や or commas.

Presents two (or sometimes more) hypothetical or actual cases, and states that the conclusion or situation is the same regardless of which case applies. Often followed by a statement of a common outcome or speaker's judgment. Can be used with contrasting alternatives (A or B) to show the irrelevance of the choice. Unlike the concessive use of にしても (even if), this pattern emphasizes that both/all options lead to the same result. The main clause often contains words like いずれにしても (either way) or どちらにしても (whichever).

Similar to 〜にしても〜にしても but more formal and literary. にせよ is the most formal variant of the three (にしても < にしろ < にせよ). All three present two cases and assert the same result regardless. にしろ has a slightly more written, argumentative tone than にしても. にせよ appears in very formal writing, speeches, and legal texts. The main clause often contains いずれにしろ / いずれにせよ (in any case). These are listing uses — distinct from the concessive にしろ/にせよ that means 'even if.'

Lists items or states in a way that conveys the speaker's confusion, overwhelm, or mixed feelings. Unlike 〜とか, which is neutral, やら carries an emotional tone — often when the speaker finds the situation complicated or hard to sort out. Commonly used when listing things that cause worry, stress, or uncertainty. Often pairs with verbs like 心配する, 困る, 分からない, or adjectives like 大変. The listing is typically limited to two items. Grammatically, やら can also follow interrogative words (どこへ行くやら = who knows where they're going), but this is a separate usage.

Used when the speaker struggles to find the right word to describe something, offering two (often overlapping or similar) descriptions that together capture the nuance. Conveys tentativeness and the sense that neither word alone is quite right. Frequently used when describing subjective impressions, feelings, or aesthetic judgments. Can be reduced to a single 〜というか followed by the 'better' word as a self-correction. Often paired with expressions like なんというか (how to put it...) or うまく言えないけど (I can't say it well, but...).

Presents two (or more) concrete options as suggestions, implying that either one (or any of them) would be acceptable. The speaker is recommending that the listener pick from among the listed options. Different from 〜とか (which merely lists examples) and 〜や (which lists non-exhaustively) — なり has a clear nuance of 'choose one, or do one of these.' The expression following the options is often an imperative, suggestion, or advice (〜なさい, 〜ばいい, 〜たらどう). Can also follow interrogative words (何なり = anything you like; どこへなり = wherever you want), but this is a different usage.

Lists two notable aspects of something — both of which support the speaker's positive or negative evaluation. The nouns listed are typically concrete attributes (appearance, quality, cost, etc.). The main clause states the speaker's overall judgment (素晴らしい, 完璧だ, 最悪だ, etc.). Attaches only to nouns — unlike 〜にしても or 〜にしろ, which take verbs and adjectives too. More evaluative than 〜も〜も (which is a simple inclusive listing). Frequently used in both praise and criticism.

Indicates that something applies to every part or aspect without distinction — 'on both A and B alike.' Often used with body parts (手といわず足といわず = all over the hands and feet) or with opposites (昼といわず夜といわず = day and night without distinction). The main clause describes a state or action that covers all the listed areas indiscriminately. Stronger than 〜も〜も, as it emphasizes the lack of boundary or distinction. Attaches only to nouns. Distinct from the volitional 〜といわず (without saying), which is a different grammar point.

A formal, written pattern listing two contrasting types of things and stating that the conclusion holds true for both. であれ is literary and concise; であろうと is even more formal and emphatic, often used in argumentative or philosophical writing. Both are stronger and more formal than 〜でも〜でも or 〜にしても. The nouns listed are often antonyms or represent extreme opposites (e.g., 金持ちであれ貧乏であれ = whether rich or poor). The main clause states an unwavering truth or principle. Not used in casual conversation.